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In EF Core, the decision to throw a <code>DbUpdateConcurrencyException</code> is based on the number of affected rows returned. The check for the concurrency token is appended to the <code>WHERE</code> clause, and when performing an <code>UPDATE</code> or <code>DELETE</code>, if no rows were affected, it means there is currently a concurrency conflict.
Here is a more detailed answer:
<ol>
<li>Concurrency Tokens: When defining your entity model, you can mark a property as a concurrency token:
<ul>
<li>With the <a href="https://www.learnentityframeworkcore.com/configuration/data-annotation-attributes/concurrencycheck-attribute">[ConcurrencyCheck]</a> data annotation</li>
<li>With the <a href="https://www.learnentityframeworkcore.com/configuration/data-annotation-attributes/timestamp-attribute">[TimeStamp]</a> data annoation</li>
<li>With the <a href="https://www.learnentityframeworkcore.com/configuration/fluent-api/isconcurrencytoken-method">IsConcurrencyToken()</a> fluent API</li>
<li>With the <a href="https://www.learnentityframeworkcore.com/configuration/fluent-api/isrowversion-method">IsRowVersion()</a> fluent API</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Database Operations: When performing an update or delete operation, EF Core includes these concurrency tokens in the SQL <code>WHERE</code> clause.</li>
<li>Check the Affected Rows: After executing the operation, EF Core examines the number of affected rows.
<ul>
<li>If no rows were affected, it means that no records in the database matched. This is interpreted as a concurrency conflict.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Throw the Exception: If such a conflict is detected, EF Core throws a <code>DbUpdateConcurrencyException</code>.</li>
</ol>

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